Now, the first thing that comes up is what a window manager is. A window manager, in technical terms, can be referred to as software that helps users run different applications on their computers.
To run an application, you need a windows manager. In other words, without a windows manager in your system, the applications will not work properly as windows manager is the software responsible for the appearance of windows while running different applications.
There are various types of Windows Manager, such as Stacking, Tiling, and Dynamic. Stacking Window Managers are also known as Floating Window Managers. All these Windows Managers have different features and requirements and work on different types of Operating Systems.
Best Windows Managers For Linux – Our Pick👌
The default windows manager on Linux is X. It is based on the graphic user interface, and these windows managers help the applications run and display on your device and connect them with a mouse and keyboards.
The basic function of the Windows Manager on Linux is to set and maintain the border, title bar, size of windows, starting of programs, and configuration of the windows.
So, now we are going to talk about various Windows Managers for Linux, so the various windows managers for Linux are as follows:
1. Qtile
Qtile is one of the best Windows Managers for Linux using Python programming. Although compared to other software, this software is not so powerful, the configuration of this software is completely satisfying, and its features completely fulfill the needs of its users.
It is also open-source software. The users can also customize the various settings of the software according to their choice and preferences.
The interface of this software is user-friendly and has basic features; because of these basic features, it is very simple to give commands on this software, and commands can include writing custom layouts and widgets.
Also, the simplicity of this software makes it more favorable for people who are not so technically advanced.
The makers of the software have also provided the option to the users who know Python language to manipulate windows or set up workspaces; they can change the configuration or scripting of the software.
In these cases, the software is well-documented so that the users do not face problems while working n this software. The only problem with this software is that this windows manager is hackable.
2. Ratpoison
For people who prefer to do online documentation of their work, Ratpoison is the most suitable for them as it works smoothly in online documentation.
Also, people with only basic knowledge about windows managers should use this software because it does not have many advanced features making t suitable for such uses.
The interface of the software is quite simple as well as user-friendly. Also, the configuration of the software is not too advanced, so the software does not have many graphics or window decorations; there is a minimum of all these advanced features in this software.
Users enjoy using this software because it allows splitting the windows and opening multiple tabs in a single window, which helps the users do multiple tasks simultaneously without messing up. Also, there are minimum chances of glitches or crashes in the software.
Also, if you are a person who prefers using more keyboard keys than the mouse, then this is the most suitable software for you as it can help you maintain minimum contact with the mouse while using this software; all you need to do is remember the shortcut keys.
Because of these simple and basic features, this software is light-weighted. Also, the users must pay any charges to download or install this software.
3. BSPWM
The users can split their windows, but they cannot multitask because the software allows you to do one task at a time, and when the task is completed properly, it allows you to do the next task.
BSPWM is a type of open-source tiling Windows Manager that is free of cost and light-weighted for users’ convenience. There is a special utility in this software known as Sxhkd. This utility makes this software well-known as well as superior to other software.
The main task of this software is to maintain support with other input devices and enhance their performance so that the users can perform their tasks smoothly. Also, as the software is based on binary space partitioning and binary trees, this utility focuses on the critical binding of the activities of the software.
The other features of this software include an automatic mode in which the users can set the position of the application windows, and the users can also control these windows by making changes in the configuration.
4. Awesome WM – Best window manager for Linux
Awesome WM is one of the best windows managers for Linux. It uses a range of libraries, but it mainly depends on the XCB library. It is a type of tiling windows manager. The programming language that the software uses is Lua. And it is light-weighted as well as open-source software.
Earlier the software was part of DWM software, but then the makers made it into full-fledged software that completely satisfies users’ needs.
Several customization options are available to the users by changing the configuration of the software; the users can also change the basic settings of the software according to their preferences and choices.
The users need not pay any charges to install the software; all they need to do is install it from the package manager. The software interface is a graphical user interface, and people who prefer advanced features and powerful software should opt for this software as it has advanced features and works well on powerful computers.
The software allows the users to open multiple windows on a desktop, and the software also supports D-Bus.
5. Tilix – ubuntu window manager
Tilix has several advanced features and is based on the Gnome interface. Also, it is a type of tiling windows manager.
Along with the option of customizing the features, the users can set the background effects and wallpapers. Also, it provides a huge range of wallpapers for the selection by the users.
The users can also open multiple layouts in a single window using this software. The users also have the option where can work with custom titles as well as custom hyperlinks. The users can install this software from the package manager.
6. Openbox
Openbox is one of the light-weighted software as it will use a maximum of 100 MB of storage on your desktop and will help you work using the software without any glitches and problems.
The software has many advanced features and the option where the users can customize the setting by making changes in the configuration of the software. The basic features of this software are very amazing and understandable for people.
7. XMonad
Along with working smoothly on high-powerful computers, Xmonad works well on less-powerful computers. The configuration of the software is simple, so if the users want to edit the configuration, they can easily customize the software’s settings according to their preferences.
Also, the software’s working is simple and user-friendly, so the users can easily understand and work on the software without facing too many difficulties.
People can also open multiple windows on this software; the software for its working depends on a huge range of libraries.
8. DWM
Suppose you are looking for an older windows manager. In that case, this suits our fit as it is one of the oldest windows managers and has basic features, the features of DWM are simple as well as minimum, and this helps people understand the working of the software.
The application focuses on improving the environment of the software, which will help the users to execute their tasks easily. The features of this software are quite similar to Awesome and XMonad.
DWM stands for ‘Dynamic Windows Manager,’ and compared to other dynamic window managers, it is the most superior of all and is reliable as there are rarely any chances of technical glitches and crashes, so there are no chances of loss of data also.
Because of the basic features, the software does not have the option where the users can customize the desktop background effects, wallpapers, and other settings according to their choices. Hence, they need to work with the default settings of the software. If they want to change the settings of the software, then they will have to do the coding of the software.
Therefore, this software will fit your requirements if you have basic knowledge about windows managers and do not require too advanced features for your work.
9. i3 Windows Manager
i3 Windows Manager is software for which the users need not pay any charges; they just need to follow the pre-decided steps and install the software from the package managers.
The features that distinguish it from other software are that it is manually written, which means that the users can easily change the configuration as well as the settings of the software.
Also, they just need to write plain text, and the configuration will be changed easily. Also, it is an open-source as well as light-weighted software. The software is based on the C programming language, and the makers made this software mainly focusing on Linux users as well as BSD users.
Also, the software is a fast window manager focusing on minimizing the users’ work, so it is most suitable for users who want advanced features in their software. And it also provides the option of setting and changing the themes and the focus modes of the windows managers.
The software has many advanced features, but working on high-powered computers will work smoothly on low-powered computers, making it one of the best windows managers for Linux.
The other advantage of this software is that it does not require LUA for functioning, and since it is based on a data tree structure, the layouts of the windows are flexible and can be changed easily.
10. Spectrwm
Spectrwm is a type of tiling windows manager that is perfect and precise with its working. The software’s settings are quite flexible, which means that the users can change the settings and the configuration of the software according to their needs and requirements.
The configuration of the software can be changed using plain text also. The software has several advanced features also that make the working of the software fast and concise. The advanced features include a quick launch menu, a status bar, and drag-to-float options.
Also, suppose you are an individual who prefers to work with the keyboard rather than the mouse. In that case, this is the most suitable software for you because people who remember the shortcut keys can work using this software without maintaining much contact with the mouse.
The software allows users to customize the features such as the wallpaper, border color, and width according to their choices. It is similar to software such as XMonad and DWM and has several similar features.
11. Enlightenment
Enlightenment’s functioning is quite easy and understandable for users who only have basic knowledge about windows manager and do not know any programming language.
When you install this software, the software has its basic features. Still, while using it, the software regularly asks the users about the size of the status bar, windows size and colors, color combinations, and the desired language helping them to customize the wallpaper and other settings according to their preferences.
These features of this software are quite pleasing as well as appealing to the users. Various options and drop-down menus are available for users to help them easily access the clock, status bar, or volume buttons. The software works in coordination with network managers.
If you prefer to work mostly with the keyboard keys, this software will not be very useful to you because it is mouse-driven.
The software also provides the option of having virtual desktops; the users can easily switch between the virtual desktops and the desktop widget.
Also, the software is open-source and light-weighted, making it suitable for computers that are less powerful or have less battery life.
12. Sway
For using Sway, the users need not pay any charges, which is one of the major reasons this software is well known it has advanced features and is free of charge.
Along with being free, the software is open-source and light-weighted software also. Also, the software works in coordination with Wayland and has features.
Whenever you open any application using this software, the main focus is to maximize the screen coverage of the application on the screen. Still, the software provides the option to the users that they can arrange the size of the window according to their convenience.
And in case you want to do multiple activities at a time, you can also easily open multiple windows using this software. Along with converting a window to a grid, it also provides the option where the users can select the arrangement of the window, which means that they are set vertically, horizontally, or in a stacked arrangement.
The software also follows all the commands of i13 Windows Manager, which makes it superior to other applications. Lastly, this application is more useful if you remember keyboard shortcuts properly.
13. JWM
People with old computers or computers that do not have many advanced features should try this software because this software works the best in less-powerful computers.
JWM stands for ‘Joe’s Window Manager’ and is open-source and light-weighted software. This software works smoothly on less powerful computers because its main focus is to optimize the work on windows, so it uses less space and storage, which is why it works smoothly on computers with basic features.
The software uses several libraries such as libXext and Cairo for its working, but mainly it depends on the Xlib library. All these libraries have different uses and purposes, as the Cairo library is useful for icons and backgrounds; in the same way, some are used for background wallpaper and some for color combinations.
Also, the programming language on which this software is based is C language. This software can be found in most Linux distress and is mostly used in portable PCs.
14. Fluxbox
Fluxbox is one of the best windows managers for Linux as it can work on any system smoothly. The software’s features are advanced and easily understandable by the users so that they do not face any problems while using it.
And the configuration of the software is also very simple. Therefore people who have only basic knowledge about windows managers or are new to the technical world can understand and use this software without facing many difficulties.
Also, it allows the users to change the wallpaper of the Windows easily and has a huge range of windows wallpaper also for the users’ convenience.
The software uses C++ programming language and is licensed to operate under MIT. Also, because of its fast speed and accuracy, it is one of the most preferred Windows Managers for Linux.
But this software will not be of much use if you prefer keyboard keys more than a mouse because this software is mostly mouse-driven.
14. KWin
The unique feature of Kwin has the option of wobbly windows for the users, and it provides a huge range of effects and wallpapers for your desktop background, so you can edit your desktop effects and wallpaper anytime you want. The interface of this software is quite advanced and user-friendly.
Also, the functioning of the software is simple and amazing. The best part about this software is its flexible functioning, which means that the users can change the software configurations without making much effort. Also, the users can adjust the other settings according to their requirements.
15. Musca – Best tiling window managers
Musca is one of the most advanced Windows Managers for Linux. The advanced features include the option of multiple windows at a time. For the user’s convenience, the software allows the addition of different names to the windows and to the multiple tabs that the users can open in the multiple windows.
Also, users can delete these windows according to their choice and requirements if they want. Also, the interface of this software is quite advanced and user-friendly, making the working structure of the software user-friendly and easily understandable for the users.
The option of multiple windows in the application is just like the virtual desktop; therefore, naming the windows and tabs in groups makes it easier for the users to identify them on the virtual desktop. The software can add floating windows automatically also.
The other characteristics of this software are that the basic features of this software are also very simple and do not require advanced knowledge to operate it.
FAQ
What is a window manager in Linux?
A window manager (WM) in Linux is system software that controls the placement, appearance, and behavior of application windows within a graphical user interface, typically under the X Window System (Xorg) or Wayland.
It handles tasks like drawing borders, title bars, resizing, moving, and minimizing windows, while also managing virtual desktops and window focus.
Unlike full desktop environments, WMs are lightweight and focus solely on window management, allowing users to build custom setups with additional tools for panels, notifications, or wallpapers.
For Xorg, WMs are clients that interact with the display server, while Wayland uses compositors that combine window management with compositing for smoother graphics. This makes them ideal for users seeking minimalism or performance on older hardware.
What is the difference between a window manager and a desktop environment?
A window manager focuses primarily on managing windows—handling their opening, closing, resizing, movement, decoration (like borders and buttons), layers, virtual desktops, and focus—without providing integrated applications or extensive GUI tools.
In contrast, a desktop environment (DE) builds on a WM by including a suite of cohesive components like panels, system menus, file explorers, image viewers, calendars, and configuration utilities for system settings (e.g., keyboard shortcuts or display options).
DEs like GNOME or KDE offer a more user-friendly, out-of-the-box experience but consume more resources, while WMs allow for highly customized, lightweight setups where users add tools as needed, often via config files or CLI.
What are the types of window managers available for Linux?
Window managers on Linux are categorized into three main types: stacking (or floating), tiling, and dynamic. Stacking WMs mimic traditional desktops like Windows or macOS, allowing windows to overlap freely and be dragged around.
Tiling WMs automatically arrange windows in a non-overlapping grid or layout (e.g., master-stack or binary tree), optimizing screen space and emphasizing keyboard navigation for efficiency. Dynamic WMs combine both, letting users switch between tiling and floating modes on the fly.
Common layouts in tiling/dynamic types include max (fullscreen), h-stack (horizontal split), v-stack (vertical split), and more advanced ones like binary space partitioning.
What is a tiling window manager and how does it work on Linux?
A tiling window manager automatically organizes open applications into a grid-like, non-overlapping arrangement on the screen, using predefined layouts to maximize space without manual dragging or resizing.
On Linux, it works by dividing the display into sections—e.g., a master area for the primary window and stacked sections for others—often controlled via keyboard shortcuts for splitting, focusing, or switching layouts.
This reduces mouse usage, boosts productivity for multitasking, and is particularly useful for developers or users with multiple terminals. Examples include i3 (manual tiling with tree structures) and bspwm (binary tree-based for dynamic splits). Some support floating exceptions for dialogs or apps that don’t tile well.
Which window manager is best for beginners on Linux?
For beginners, a user-friendly WM like i3 or Awesome WM is often recommended due to their straightforward configuration via plain-text files, extensive documentation, and balance of features without overwhelming complexity.
i3 is particularly accessible with its logical keybindings (e.g., Mod+Enter for terminals) and ability to integrate with existing DEs like XFCE for a hybrid setup. If preferring a stacking WM, Fluxbox or Openbox offers simple menus and mouse-friendly controls.
Start with a distro like Manjaro i3 edition for pre-configured setups, and avoid highly hackable ones like DWM until comfortable with editing code.
How do I choose the right window manager for my Linux setup?
Choosing a WM depends on your hardware, workflow, and preferences: For low-resource systems, opt for lightweight options like JWM or IceWM that run smoothly on older PCs.
If you prioritize keyboard efficiency and multitasking, go for tiling WMs like XMonad or Sway (for Wayland). Consider compatibility—X11-based for broad support or Wayland compositors for modern features like better scaling.
Test via live USBs or virtual machines, evaluate customizability (e.g., Lua in Awesome WM), and check community resources like Arch Wiki for comparisons. Experimentation is key, as personal fit varies.
What are the benefits of using a tiling window manager on Linux?
Tiling WMs enhance productivity by automatically utilizing all screen space, eliminating overlaps, and enabling fast keyboard navigation across windows and workspaces.
They reduce RSI from mouse movements, support efficient workflows for coders (e.g., multiple terminals visible), and are lightweight, improving performance on low-end hardware.
Additional perks include customizable layouts (e.g., grids or stacks), virtual desktops for organized tasks, and easy integration with tools like polybar for status info. Users often report faster task switching and a more engaging experience once adapted.
How do window managers handle system settings like wallpapers or notifications on Linux?
WMs themselves don’t typically include built-in tools for settings like wallpapers or notifications; instead, users add external utilities. For wallpapers, use feh or nitrogen to set and randomize backgrounds via config files or scripts.
Notifications require daemons like dunst, configurable for themes and positions. System settings (e.g., keyboard or WiFi) are managed via CLI tools like xset or nm-applet, or borrowed GUI apps from DEs (e.g., GNOME Settings) without full dependencies. Autostart scripts in the WM config launch these at login for seamless integration.
Can I use a window manager with Wayland instead of X11 on Linux?
Yes, Wayland-compatible WMs, often called compositors, include Sway (i3-inspired tiling) and Hyprland (dynamic with effects).
Wayland offers better security, smoother graphics, and high-DPI support compared to X11, but some X11-only WMs require compatibility layers like XWayland.
Setup involves installing wlroots for protocol support and configuring input/output via tools like wlr-randr. Transitioning may involve adapting configs, but resources like the Arch Wiki provide guides for common setups.
Which window managers are best for low-resource or older Linux computers?
Lightweight WMs like JWM, Fluxbox, or IceWM excel on low-resource systems, using minimal RAM (under 100MB) and supporting basic features without heavy graphics.
Tiling options such as Ratpoison or DWM are also efficient, focusing on keyboard control to avoid resource-intensive mouse handling.
For Wayland, Sway is optimized for performance. These run well on portable PCs or distros like Puppy Linux, with simple configs and no need for powerful GPUs.
How do I install and configure i3 window manager on Ubuntu?
Install i3 on Ubuntu with sudo apt update && sudo apt install i3. Log out, select i3 from the login manager, and it starts with defaults.
Configuration is in ~/.config/i3/config; back up the default, then edit for keybindings (e.g., bindsym $mod+Return exec i3-sensible-terminal for terminals).
Set workspaces with bindsym $mod+1 workspace number 1, assign apps like assign [class="Firefox"] 2, and add a status bar via i3bar or polybar.
Reload with $mod+Shift+c. For wallpapers, add exec --no-startup-id feh --bg-scale /path/to/image.
What is the difference between stacking and tiling window managers on Linux?
Stacking WMs allow windows to overlap and be freely positioned like papers on a desk, relying on mouse dragging for management—similar to traditional OS like Windows.
Tiling WMs automatically arrange windows in a non-overlapping grid, using keyboard shortcuts for layouts like master-stack or splits, to optimize space and speed. Stacking suits visual, mouse-heavy workflows, while tiling favors efficiency for power users, though dynamic WMs blend both.
Can I run multiple window managers on the same Linux system?
Yes, install multiple WMs (e.g., via package managers like apt or pacman), and select one at login from the display manager (e.g., LightDM or GDM). Sessions are independent, so configs don’t conflict, but shared tools like panels may need per-WM setup.
This allows testing without commitment—e.g., run i3 for productivity and KDE’s KWin for graphical tasks. Avoid replacing a DE’s default WM mid-session to prevent instability.
How customizable are Linux window managers, and do I need programming knowledge?
Most WMs are highly customizable via plain-text config files, with options for keybindings, layouts, colors, and behaviors—no programming required for basics.
Advanced ones like Qtile (Python) or Awesome WM (Lua) allow scripting for extensions, but pre-built configs and wikis suffice for most users. Tools like rofi for menus or conky for system info integrate easily. Beginners can start with i3’s simple syntax, while experts hack source code in DWM.
What resources are available for learning more about window managers on Linux?
The Arch Wiki offers comprehensive guides on installation, types, and comparisons. Reddit communities like r/unixporn and r/linux4noobs discuss setups and troubleshooting.
YouTube channels cover tutorials (e.g., on i3 config), and GitHub repos like the i3 user guide provide examples. For Wayland, check wlroots docs. Experiment with live distros like Regolith (i3-based) for hands-on learning.
What are the prerequisites for installing a window manager on Linux?
Before installing a window manager, ensure your system has a functional display server like Xorg (X server) or Wayland installed and properly configured, as window managers are X clients that rely on it for drawing and managing windows.
You’ll also need basic dependencies such as a terminal emulator (e.g., xterm) and possibly a display manager (e.g., LightDM) for session selection.
For Arch Linux, refer to the Xorg setup guide; test by running startx after configuring ~/.xinitrc to exec the WM. Without these, the WM won’t start, leading to a blank screen or fallback to console mode. Always check the WM’s documentation for specific libraries, like libX11 for most.
How do I configure a window manager like dwm that requires editing source code?
dwm is configured at compile-time by editing its source files, mainly config.h (based on the commented config.def.h).
Steps include: 1) Install dwm or dwm-git from your distro’s repos (e.g., AUR on Arch); 2) Edit config.h for keybindings (e.g., in static const Key keys[]), layouts, or rules (e.g., making windows float); 3) Apply optional patches from the suckless site for features like autostart scripts (~/.dwm/autostart.sh); 4) Recompile with makepkg and reinstall.
For keybindings, include headers like <X11/XF86keysym.h> for multimedia keys, and map commands (e.g., volume with pactl). This approach ensures lightweight, tailored setups but requires C knowledge for advanced changes.
How can I use Python to customize the behavior of a window manager like Qtile?
Qtile is fully configurable in Python, using ~/.config/qtile/config.py as the main file. Import modules like libqtile to define layouts (e.g., MonadTall, Stack), groups (workspaces), and keybindings (e.g., Key([mod], "h", lazy.layout.left())).
For advanced customizations, write hooks (e.g., @hook.subscribe.startup_once for autostart apps) or widgets for the bar (e.g., CPU monitor with widget.CPU()).
Since it’s Python-based, leverage libraries for scripting dynamic behaviors, like resizing based on conditions. Reload configs live with qtile cmd-obj -o cmd -f restart. No recompilation needed, making it accessible for programmers.
How do I troubleshoot common window manager startup issues on Linux?
Common issues include blank screens, no decorations, or crashes. Start by checking logs (journalctl -b -u display-manager or ~/.xsession-errors).
Clear session cache (e.g., delete ~/.cache/sessions for Xfce-related WMs) or disable auto-start apps in System > Preferences > Startup Applications. If the WM fails post-login, run it manually via startx after editing ~/.xinitrc.
For Java apps misbehaving (gray windows), fix via Java env vars. If dock/panels don’t load, use Alt+F2 to open a terminal and restart components. For specific WMs like dwm, ensure recompilation succeeded; for others, verify dependencies like GLX for Compiz.
How do window managers support multiple monitors on Linux?
Support varies: Awesome uses n-tags (workspaces) across monitors (e.g., 9 default); bspwm assigns desktops per monitor; dwm fixes 9 workspaces per region; herbstluftwm/i3 handle n regions dynamically; LeftWM decouples workspaces from monitors for flexible mapping; Notion supports n workspaces per monitor with topology changes; Spectrwm/xmonad show workspaces across regions.
Configure via Xrandr for setup, then WM-specific options (e.g., i3’s workspace output). Compare via tables for your needs, ensuring EWMH for app compatibility.
What are the benefits of using a compositing window manager like Compiz or KWin on Linux?
Compositing WMs like Compiz (OpenGL-based with plugins) and KWin (KDE-integrated) offer smooth graphical effects (e.g., wobbly windows, animations), better performance on hardware-accelerated graphics, and features like focus prevention or misbehaving app handling.
Benefits include enhanced visuals for productivity (e.g., expo views), improved multi-monitor scaling, and Wayland compatibility (KWin).
Enable by installing (e.g., compiz package) and setting as WM in ~/.xinitrc (exec compiz); for KWin, use in KDE or standalone with --replace. They add minor overhead but boost usability on modern GPUs.
How do I configure xmonad window manager in Haskell?
xmonad is configured via ~/.xmonad/xmonad.hs in Haskell: Import XMonad, override defaults (e.g., main = xmonad def { terminal = "urxvt", modMask = mod4Mask }). Use xmonad-contrib for extras like desktopConfig, keybindings (e.g., for volume with Graphics.X11.ExtraTypes.XF86), workspaces (custom lists), docks (avoidStruts), or EWMH (XMonad.Hooks.EwmhDesktops).
Recompile changes with Mod+q or xmonad --recompile; automate post-upgrade with pacman hooks. Contrib adds tagging, screen corners, and Xmobar integration for dynamic logs.
What is EWMH compliance in window managers and why does it matter on Linux?
EWMH (Extended Window Manager Hints) is a standard for WM-app communication, enabling features like fullscreen toggles, taskbars, or pagers.
Compliant WMs (e.g., Awesome, bspwm, herbstluftwm, i3, LeftWM, xmonad via contrib) ensure better integration with tools like panels or apps (e.g., Chromium multitouch).
Non-compliant ones (dwm, Ratpoison, Spectrwm) may break functionalities, requiring workarounds. It matters for seamless desktops; check compliance in comparisons to avoid compatibility issues.
How do I set up a status bar in a window manager like dwm?
In dwm, set the status bar via xsetroot -name in ~/.xinitrc or ~/.xprofile (e.g., “Thanks for all the fish!”). For dynamic updates, use loops (e.g., while true; do xsetroot -name "$(date)"; sleep 1m; done).
Integrate Conky by piping to xsetroot, or compile a custom dwm-setstatus for efficiency. Customize font/spacing in dwm.c (e.g., bh = dc.font.height + 2). Patches add features like Arabic support with fribidi.
What are the differences in configuration methods across various Linux window managers?
Methods vary: Text files for Fluxbox/Openbox (easy editing for themes/keybindings); Python scripting for Qtile (full language power); Haskell code/recompilation for xmonad; Source editing/recompilation for dwm (C-based, no config file); Scripts for herbstluftwm (run via herbstclient); None for Karmen (defaults only, “just works” with Xlib).
Choose based on preference—text for simplicity, code for depth. Fluxbox offers features without coding, unlike dwm’s compile-time changes.
What is the relationship between a display manager, window manager, and Xorg/Wayland on Linux?
A display manager (DM) like GDM or LightDM handles user login and starts the Xorg or Wayland session, launching the chosen window manager or desktop environment.
The WM then manages windows within that session, while Xorg/Wayland provides the underlying graphics protocol—Xorg for traditional WMs and Wayland for compositors.
Execution order: DM starts the display server (Xorg/Wayland), which initializes graphics; the WM loads next via session files (e.g., ~/.xinitrc for Xorg). Issues like blank screens often stem from misconfigurations here; troubleshoot by editing session scripts or checking DM logs.
How can I fix performance issues like stuttering or lag in window resizing/moving on Linux?
Stuttering during resizing or moving windows often results from graphics drivers (e.g., NVIDIA proprietary can lag on GL contexts), compositing overhead, or mismatched display servers (X11 vs. Wayland).
Fixes: Switch to open-source drivers if possible, disable compositing (e.g., in Picom config), or use lightweight WMs like IceWM. Test on different distros/DEs; users report smoother performance on Arch with KDE.
Monitor with tools like powertop or journalctl for bottlenecks; fractional scaling on high-res monitors can exacerbate issues—try integer scaling.
How do I set windows to always be on top or bottom in a Linux window manager?
In most WMs, use tools like wmctrl for stacking WMs: wmctrl -r :ACTIVE: -b add,above for always on top or wmctrl -r :ACTIVE: -b add,below for bottom.
For i3, add rules in config (e.g., for_window [class="Firefox"] floating enable; move to workspace $ws1; layer above). KDE’s KWin has built-in options via right-click > More Actions > Keep Above Others. Bind to shortcuts for toggling; not all tiling WMs support layering natively—use floating mode.
How can I configure touch gestures for window management actions like expose or desktop view on Linux?
For X11, use tools like fusuma or libinput-gestures to map swipes: Edit configs for actions like swipe-up for expose (gnome-screensaver-command --lock or WM-specific).
On Wayland (e.g., GNOME), native gestures work out-of-box; for custom WMs like Sway, use waybar or wlr-gestures.
Example: In fusuma config, swipe: 3: up: command: xdotool key super+w for expose. Calibrate via xinput; mobile distros like postmarketOS optimize this for touchscreens.
How do I make all windows open on the visible workspace by default in a Linux window manager?
In i3/Awesome, set rules in config to assign new windows to current workspace (e.g., i3: assign [class=".*"] $current_workspace). For GNOME/KDE, use extensions like “Auto Move Windows” or KWin scripts to enforce visibility.
Tiling WMs often default to this; override per-app via EWMH hints or hooks. Test with i3-msg workspace back_and_forth for switching; avoids clutter on multi-workspace setups.
What are the key differences between popular tiling window managers like i3 and bspwm on Linux?
i3 uses a tree structure for flexible, manual tiling with plain-text config, supporting gaps and easy integration. bspwm employs binary space partitioning for dynamic splits, relies on sxhkd for keybindings, and is lighter but requires more scripting.
i3 is beginner-friendly with built-in bar; bspwm excels in multi-monitor via independent desktops. Both are EWMH-compliant; choose i3 for simplicity, bspwm for hackability.
How can I “rice” or theme my window manager for a customized look on Linux?
“Ricing” involves dotfiles for aesthetics: Use compton/picom for effects, polybar for bars, rofi for menus, and feh for wallpapers.
Popular themes on r/unixporn include minimal setups with gaps, rounded corners (via patches in dwm), and color schemes from pywal. Share configs on GitHub; tools like betterlockscreen add lock screens. Start with pre-riced distros like Regolith for inspiration.
How do I uninstall or switch back from a window manager on Linux?
Remove via package manager (e.g., sudo apt remove i3 on Ubuntu), then log out and select your previous DE/WM from the DM.
Clean configs with rm -rf ~/.config/i3; purge dependencies if needed (apt autoremove). For Arch, pacman -Rns i3. Backup first; if stuck, boot to recovery or edit /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf to default session.
Are there security considerations when using a window manager on Linux?
Minimal WMs reduce attack surface by lacking features like auto-mounting, but ensure EWMH compliance to avoid app exploits. Wayland improves security with per-window isolation vs. X11’s global access.
Use tools like firejail for sandboxing; audit configs for exec commands. Custom scripts can introduce risks—vet dotfiles from sources.
How do window managers integrate with specific Linux distributions or applications?
Most integrate via package repos (e.g., i3 on Ubuntu via apt); distros like Arch offer AUR for extras. For apps, use rules (e.g., floating for dialogs in i3: for_window [class="^floating$"] floating enable).
Distro-specific: Manjaro i3 edition pre-configures; Fedora spins support KDE’s KWin. Test compatibility with Java apps via env vars for gray windows.
What are common troubleshooting tips for issues with Linux window managers?
Common issues include missing window decorations, unresponsive windows, or crashes after updates. For no borders/title bars, check config files for decoration settings or restart the WM (e.g., i3-msg restart for i3). If the WM freezes, switch to a TTY (Ctrl+Alt+F2), kill the process (e.g., pkill Xorg or killall kwin), and relaunch.
Compatibility problems with apps can be fixed by floating specific windows in tiling WMs via rules. Always review logs (journalctl -b -u display-manager) and update packages; communities like Arch Forums suggest testing in a minimal session to isolate conflicts.
How do tiling window managers handle multi-monitor setups on Linux?
Tiling WMs like i3 or Awesome WM treat each monitor as an independent workspace or extend layouts across screens, allowing windows to span or move between displays via keybindings (e.g., Mod+Shift+Right in i3).
Configure via xrandr for setup, then define per-monitor behaviors in configs, such as assigning workspaces to outputs. Wayland options like Sway offer native multi-monitor support with better scaling. Challenges include uneven resolutions, but tools like autorandr automate profile switching for docked setups.
What is a compositor and how does it relate to window managers in Linux?
A compositor handles graphical effects like transparency, shadows, animations, and tearing prevention by compositing (layering) window contents before display.
In X11, it’s often separate (e.g., Picom with i3), while Wayland integrates compositing into the WM (e.g., Sway as a compositor-WM hybrid). This improves visuals and performance but can add overhead; disable for low-end hardware. Many WMs like KWin support compositing natively for DE-like effects in minimal setups.
How can I switch from a desktop environment to a standalone window manager on Linux?
Start by installing the WM (e.g., sudo apt install i3 on Ubuntu), then log out and select it from the display manager’s session menu. Migrate settings by adding tools like tint2 for panels or nm-applet for networking to your WM config’s autostart.
Backup DE configs first, and use a hybrid distro like Regolith for a smoother transition. If issues arise, revert via the login screen; expect a learning curve for CLI-heavy management.
Are there window managers suitable for touchscreens or mobile devices running Linux?
Yes, options like Phosh (GNOME-based) or Sxmo (dwm-inspired tiling) are designed for touch, with gesture support for swiping workspaces or resizing. Wayland compositors like Cage or Weston provide basic touch-friendly environments for devices like PinePhone.
Traditional WMs like i3 can adapt with on-screen keyboards (e.g., onboard) and touch scripts, but stacking ones like Openbox fare better for finger navigation. Distros like postmarketOS optimize these for mobile hardware.
What advanced customization techniques are available for Linux window managers?
Beyond basic configs, use scripting: In Qtile, write Python hooks for dynamic layouts; Awesome WM leverages Lua for widgets. Integrate IPC (e.g., i3-msg for external controls) with tools like ydotool for automation.
Patch source code in DWM for unique features, or use EWMH standards for app compatibility. Advanced users build polybars with modules for weather/system stats, or hook into DBus for notifications. Communities share dotfiles on GitHub for inspiration.
How do window managers impact battery life on Linux laptops?
Lightweight WMs like DWM or Ratpoison minimize CPU/GPU usage by avoiding heavy animations and processes, extending battery compared to DEs like GNOME.
Tiling reduces redraws, and disabling compositing saves power. Tools like TLP for power management pair well; users report 10-20% better runtime on setups with auto-suspend scripts in configs. Monitor with powertop to optimize.
Can window managers be used effectively for gaming on Linux?
Yes, especially lightweight ones like Openbox or i3, which free resources for games by ditching DE overhead. Fullscreen modes bypass WM interference, but floating rules help with launchers.
Wayland WMs like Gamescope (compositor for games) enhance performance with VRR and scaling. Avoid heavy tiling during play; switch workspaces to isolate games. Proton/Steam integrate seamlessly.
What is the brief history and evolution of window managers in Linux?
WMs originated in the 1980s with X Window System, starting with twm (1987) for basic stacking. The 1990s saw fvwm and Enlightenment add themes/effects. Tiling emerged in the 2000s with ion and dwm, inspired by minimalism.
Modern evolution includes Wayland shift (e.g., Sway in 2016) for security, and dynamic WMs like herbstluftwm. Open-source communities drive forks like i3-gaps for gaps/aesthetics.
How can I integrate panels, docks, or status bars with a window manager on Linux?
Use standalone tools: Polybar or i3bar for customizable status bars showing CPU, battery, and workspaces; tint2 or plank for panels/docks. Add to WM config (e.g., exec polybar in i3) for autostart.
Conky provides overlay info, while lemonbar allows scripting for dynamic content. Position via coords in configs; EWMH compliance ensures app awareness. For Wayland, layer-shell tools like waybar adapt similarly.
Conclusion
So, these are the different Windows Managers that work suitably for Linux. Therefore, the users can install all these software on their Linux according to their choice and requirements.
